Relationship between Abnormal Cervical Findings and Abnormal Results at Hysterosalpingography in Infertile Women
Enefia Kelvin Kiridi
Department of Radiology, Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Bayelsa State, Nigeria and Silhouette Radiodiagnostic Consultants, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Peter Chibuzor Oriji *
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Olakunle Ifeoluwa Makinde
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Obiora Chibundu
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
Johnpatrick Uchenna Ugwoegbu
Department of Radiology, Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
Panebi Yao Bosrotsi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Diete Koki Memorial Hospital, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Simeon Chijioke Amadi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Abednigo Ojanerohan Addah
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Adedotun Daniel Adesina
Department of Medical Services, Nigerian Law School, Yenagoa Campus, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria and Oasis Public Health Consulting Ltd, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Hysterosalpingography is an investigative modality used in the evaluation of the uterine cavity, fallopian tubes, and adjacent peritoneal cavity following the injection of contrast material through the cervical canal.
Objective: To determine the relationship between abnormal cervical findings and abnormal results at hysterosalpingography in infertile women.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Radiology Departments of four health institutions in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, between June and December, 2022. Hysterosalpingography was done for 332 infertile women, after obtaining written informed consent. Data were entered into a pre-designed proforma, and analysed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 25.0. Results were presented in frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, and mean and standard deviation for continuous variables.
Results: Cervical finding was normal in only 49.7% (n=165) of the participants undergoing HSG. The abnormal cervical findings include deformed (27.7%), hyperaemic (5.7%), dull (5.7%), hard (5.7%) and short (5.4%) cervix. There was a statistically significant relationship between abnormal cervical findings during HSG and tubal blockade (ꭓ2 = 196.7; p – 0.001), presence of salpingitis (ꭓ2 = 41.1; p – 0.001), peritubal adhesion (ꭓ2 = 19.9; p – 0.001) and intrauterine adhesion (ꭓ2 = 35.62; p – 0.001).
Conclusion: Intrauterine adhesion, salpingitis, tubal blockade and peritubal adhesion on HSG are associated with some abnormal cervical findings in about half of infertile women in this study. The same pathological processes responsible for injury to the upper genital tract and tubal infertility may have caused injury to the cervix in the group of women.
Keywords: Hysterosalpingography findings, infertile women, abnormal cervix, hyperaemic cervix, hard cervix, deformed cervix